Instrument Federal Regulations study guide

[Copterpilot213]

Hi everyone, I just made a study guide for (2007) FAR 91.167 - 91.187 (I skipped 91.185 because I already have a study guide for it).

 

It's mostly the same thing as what's in the FAR's, but I put some of it in my own words and shortened some of it to help with studying. So keep in mind it's not exact nor am I saying it's everything you need to know, but I figured I'd post it here and/or email it to anyone that's interested.

 

Oh and please don't pay attention to any typo's.

 

Also, this is made for helicopter pilots, please keep that in mind if you're sharing it with fixed wingers. And feel free to let me know if you think something is incorrect and/or can be worded better.

 

***PLEASE NOTE: I am not representing that this is an FAA approved document/forum posting, nor that it is entirely correct. I take no responsibility for this document/forum posting nor it's contents!*** (Can you tell I have a legal background lol)

 

Instrument Federal Aviation Regulations

Study Guide

 

Questions

 

1. What are the fuel requirements for flight in IFR conditions? When is an alternate airport not required?

 

2. What are the requirements in an IFR flight plan for the airport of intended landing? What about the alternate airport?

 

3. Is ATC clearance and flight plan required for IFR in controlled airspace?

 

4. For takeoff and landing under IFR when can you operate below DH or MDA?

 

5. What are the general missed approach procedures?

 

6. What are the civil airport takeoff minimums for part 121, 125, 129 and 135? For part 91?

 

7. What are the limitations on procedure turns?

 

8. What are the components of an ILS?

 

9. What can be substituted for the outer or middle marker of an ILS? Bonus question: Where can you find the applicability of and substitution for Inner markers?

 

10. What are the minimum altitudes for IFR operations? What about for climb?

 

11. What is the general rule in controlled airspace for IFR altitude?

 

12. What are the rules for IFR cruising altitude in uncontrolled airspace? What about for flight levels?

 

13. What are the rules for course to be flown? What exception is there when climbing or descending?

 

14. What are the standard rules for IFR radio communications in controlled airspace?

 

15. When in IFR controlled airspace, what are the rules for reporting malfunctions?

 

 

 

 

 

 

Answers

 

1. Complete the flight to the first airport of intended landing and fly to an alternate airport (if applicable) and then fly after that for 30 minutes at normal cruising speed. An alternate airport is not required if at the estimated time of arrival to the first airport and for 1 hour after the ETA the ceiling will be at least 1,000 feet above the airport elevation or at least 400 feet above the lowest applicable approach minima, whichever is higher and the visibility will be at least 2 statute miles.

 

2. For the airport of intended landing, at the ETA and for 1 hour after the ETA, the ceiling will be at least 1,000 feet above the airport elevation or at least 400 feet above the lowest applicable approach minima, whichever is higher and the visibility will be at least 2 statute miles. For the alternate airport at the ETA the ceiling must be 200 feet above the minimum for the approach to be flown and visibility at least 1 statute mile but never less than the minimum visibility for the approach to be flown. HOWEVER, if no instrument approach procedure has been published and no special instrument approach procedure has been issued for the alternate airport, the ceiling and visibility minima are those allowing descent from the MEA, approach and landing under basic VFR.

 

3. Yes, no person may operate an aircraft in controlled airspace under IFR unless an IFR flight plan has been filed and they have received appropriate ATC clearance.

 

4. To operate below the DH or MDA the aircraft must be continuously in a position from which a descent to a landing on the intended runway can be made at a normal rate of descent using normal maneuvers and the flight visibility is not less than the visibility prescribed in the standard instrument approach and at least one of the following visual references is distinctly visible and identifiable:

 

• *The approach light system (see note below)

• The threshold, threshold markings or threshold lights

• The runway end identifier lights (REIL), runway, runway markings, runway lights

• The visual approach slope indicator (VASI)

• The touchdown zone, touchdown zone markings or touchdown zone lights

 

*HOWEVER, the pilot may not descend below 100 feet above the touchdown zone elevation using the approach lights as a reference unless the red terminating bars or the red side row bars are also distinctly visible and identifiable.

 

5. Each pilot shall immediately execute a missed approach procedure in either of the following conditions:

 

• When the flight visibility requirement is not met, including the visual reference requirements for the intended runway

• When the aircraft is being operated below the MDA

• Upon arrival at the missed approach point (MAP), including a DH where it is specified and it’s use is required and at any time after that until touchdown

• Whenever an identifiable part of the airport is not distinctly visible to the pilot during a circling maneuver at or above the MDA, unless the inability to see such is due to a normal bank of the aircraft during the circling approach

 

6. For everything but part 91, if it is not prescribed for that airport in part 97 of the FAR, for helicopters it is ½ statute mile visibility (2,400 feet runway visual range or RVR). For part 91 there is technically no takeoff minimum.

 

7. In the case of a radar vector to a final approach course or fix, a timed approach from a holding fix or an approach for which the procedure specifies “No PT”, no pilot may make a procedure turn unless cleared to do so by ATC.

 

8. The basic ground components of an ILS are:

 

• The localizer

• Glide slope

• Outer marker

• Middle marker

• Inner marker (when installed for category II or III instrument approaches)

 

9. Outer markers and middle markers may be substituted by a compass locator or precision radar. Outer markers can also be substituted by DME,VOR or non directional beacon fixes and surveillance radar. (Applicability of and substations for an inner marker for Cat II or III approaches are determined by part 97 approach procedure, an LOA or operations specification)

 

10. Except when taking off or landing, no person may operate in IFR below:

 

• The applicable minimum altitudes described in part 95 or 97 in the FAR

• If no applicable minimum altitude is prescribed in the above, in mountainous areas 2000 feet above the highest obstacle within a horizontal distance of 4 nautical miles from the course to be flown or in any other case 1000 feet above the highest obstacle within a horizontal distance of 4 nautical miles from the course to be flown.

 

HOWEVER, if both a MEA and a MOCA are prescribed for a particular route or route segment, a person may operate below the MEA down to but not below the MOCA, when within 22 nautical miles of the VOR concerned.

 

For climbing: Climb to a higher minimum IFR altitude shall begin immediately after passing the point beyond which that minimum altitude applies (except when ground obstruction intervene), the point beyond which that higher minimum altitude applies shall be crossed at or above the applicable MCA (Minimum crossing altitude).

 

11. In controlled airspace, in level cruising flight, maintain the altitude or flight level assigned by ATC.

 

12. In uncontrolled airspace, when operating below 18,000 feet MSL and:

 

• On a magnetic course of 0 through 179 degrees, any odd thousand foot MSL altitude (such as 3,000, 5,000, 7,000, etc)

• On a magnetic course of 180 through 359 degrees, any even thousand foot MSL altitude.

 

When operating at or above 18,000 feet MSL but below flight level 290 and:

 

• On a magnetic course of 0 through 179 degrees, any odd flight level.

• On a magnetic course of 180 through 359 degrees, any even flight level.

 

13. Unless otherwise authorized by ATC, no person may operate an aircraft in controlled airspace under IFR except:

 

• Along the centerline of a federal airway

• On any other route, along the direct course between the navigational aids or fixes that define that route.

 

*HOWEVER, this does not prohibit maneuvering to pass well clear of other traffic or maneuvering in VFR conditions to clear the intended flight path both before and during climb or descent.

 

14. The pilot shall monitor the appropriate radio frequency and shall report the following as soon as possible:

 

• The time and altitude of passing each designated reporting point, or the reporting points specified by ATC (unless under radar control, then only those requested by ATC)

• Any unforecast weather conditions encountered

• Any other info relating to the safety of flight

 

15. Aircraft shall report as soon as practical to ATC any malfunctions of navigational, approach or communications equipment occurring in flight. In each report the PIC must include:

 

• Aircraft identification

• Equipment affected

• Degree to which the capability of the pilot to operate under IFR is impaired

• Nature and extent of assistance desired from ATC (both in the present timeframe and the future)

Edited September 9, 2007 by Copterpilot213